waste water treatment ppt free download
Waste water treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and converting it into an effluent that can be returned to the environment or reused for various purposes. This involves several stages including pre-treatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment, and sometimes advanced treatment, which may include physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove pollutants such as organic matter, nutrients, heavy metals, and pathogens. The ultimate goal of waste water treatment is to produce safe and clean water that meets discharge standards and protects the environment and public health.
1. What is waste water treatment ?
2. What are the main types of waste water treatment ?
- Physical treatment Chemical treatment Biological treatment Sludge treatment
- Physical treatment involves physical processes such as screening, sedimentation, and flotation to remove solid waste.
- Chemical treatment uses chemicals such as acids, alkalis, and disinfectants to remove pollutants.
- Biological treatment employs microorganisms to break down organic matter and remove pollutants.
- Sludge treatment involves the processing of residual solids generated from physical, chemical, and biological treatments.
3. What is the significance of waste water treatment ?
4. What are the environmental benefits of waste water treatment ?
- Reduction of water pollution: Treated waste water helps to reduce the amount of pollutants, such as chemicals and pathogens, that are released into the environment.
- Protection of aquatic life: By removing harmful pollutants, waste water treatment helps to preserve the health of aquatic ecosystems and the species that rely on them.
- Preservation of drinking water sources: Treating waste water helps to prevent contamination of drinking water sources, ensuring that they remain safe and clean for human consumption.
- Conservation of water resources: Treated waste water can be reused for irrigation, industrial processes, and other purposes, conserving fresh water resources.
- Climate change mitigation: Waste water treatment can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by using biogas generated during the treatment process as an energy source.
5. What are the economic benefits of waste water treatment? 6. What are the social benefits of waste water treatment ?
Economic benefits of waste water treatment:
- Job creation: The waste water treatment industry can create job opportunities in fields such as engineering, construction, and operations.
- Increased property values: Proper waste water treatment can lead to increased property values in nearby areas, as it helps to maintain a clean and safe environment.
- Cost savings: Treating waste water can be less expensive than the cost of cleaning up after water pollution has occurred.
- Revenue generation: Treated waste water can be sold or reused for agricultural or industrial purposes, generating revenue for communities.
- Energy production: Waste water treatment facilities can use biogas produced during the treatment process as a source of renewable energy, reducing the need for non-renewable energy sources.
Social benefits of waste water treatment:
- Improved public health: Treating waste water helps to remove pathogens and pollutants, reducing the risk of water-borne diseases and improving public health.
- Enhanced quality of life: Proper waste water treatment can improve the overall quality of life by reducing unpleasant odors, preserving natural resources, and promoting clean and safe environments.
- Increased community pride: Waste water treatment facilities can provide a sense of pride for communities, as they demonstrate a commitment to environmental sustainability and public health.
- Better environmental stewardship: By treating waste water, communities can show their commitment to environmental stewardship and their responsibility for the health of the planet.
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Sample Cost Estimate Worksheets Template
Construction cost estimating
Overall Estimating Assumptions
How was the estimated developed ?
i.e. elemental parametric method or using historical cost comparisons on relevant, similar projects i.e. was the estimate developed by project team or independantly
Explain other assumptions and how they may influence or impact costs?
i.e. Type of terrain - extreme, mountainous, rolling, level.
i.e. Geographic location within BC - Lower Mainland; Northern; Southern Interior; Vancouver Island etc. i.e. Development Density (ie.Urban, Suburban, Rural) impacts work complexity, traffic managment and utilities etci.e. Scope Uncertainty: What is the quality/quantity of available project information? current, complete, & accuratei.e. Overall complexity and constructability issues
Any other overall assumption or costing decisions to document ?
Project Management and Planning Calculations
How is planning and project managment cost determined as a % of total cost or some other method?
Design Calculations
Is design amount determined as a % of Construction or some other method?
Example: Calculated as a 7% of Grade Construction and/or 8% of Structural
Property Assumptions
What was the basis for determining property information and impacts?
What types of properties are involved (residential, commercial, industrial) ? And how many?
How was market values of the property established?
How are the variable costs determined? What's included? Is there an allowance for internal costs and legal fees? Attach property detailed sheets as necessary outlining calculations
Environmental Assumptions
Is the work within an sensitive area? Is this a CEAA project?
How was compensation value determined?
How much mitigation work is anticipated? How was it valued?
Construction Assumptions
What is the project delivery/procurement method? (Design-Bid-Build/Design-Build/Day Labour/P3/DBFO) Is there a Design Criteria Sheet completed for the project?
Geotechnical information: What were the significant material assumptions: solid rock, boulders, mixed, dirt ?
__________________________________________________________________________________________A ssumptions Worksheet Page No. 1 - Cost Estimate for Project No. XXXX
Were there any structures included? How many watercourses were identified or assumed?
What was the assumed road cross-section? Material depths? Asphalt?
Detailed calculations for construction cost elements contained on estimate 'detail sheets'
i.e include 'detail sheets' outlining quantity calculations (based on most probable?)
i.e. provide explanation of unit prices (e.g. prices of similar projects, MOT cost data; labour, matr'l, equip) i.e traffic management considerations
i.e mobilization and demobilization considerations
Construction Supervision Calculation
How was the construction supervision determined?
Example: Calculated as a % of each Construction component (including contingency) as follows: Grading 7%, Operational and Other 8%, Structural and Paving 6.5%, and Environmental Compensation 8%
Risks Assessment
Was a comprehensive Risk Assessment conducted?
What are the major risk items? How were they identified and quantified?
How were these risks allowed for in the estimate? Are they covered by contingency or included in base Cost Elements
Contingency Assumptions
Was contingency applied as a set % basis or was a Risk Assessment conducted identifying and quantifying Risks? Was contingency applied uniformly to all Cost Elements and project segments (Yes or No) ?
What is the amount or % that was applied ?
Is contingency based on the current level of project knowledge and associated risk to deliver the project scope ?
Inclusion and Exclusions
Is there anything NOT included in the estimate? (i.e. pre-project development costs etc.)
Is there anything specifically included in the estimate that may be unusual or not normally be part of project cost?NOTE: The Assumptions Worksheet may differ depending the 'Level of Estimate' being prepared (conceptual, planningprelim, detailed, pre-tender) and the approach of the Estimator. This is a SAMPLE of areas and items to consider and include. It is not an exhaustive list and/or may include items not applicable to all estimates.